Everything about Filaret Romanov totally explained
Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (
Russian: Фёдор Никитич Романов) (
1553 —
October 1,
1633) was a
Russian
boyar who after temporary disgrace rose to become
patriarch of Moscow as
Filaret (
Russian: Филарет), and became de-facto ruler of Russia during the reign of his son,
Mikhail Feodorovich.
Life
Fyodor was born in
Moscow the second son of the prominent boyar
Nikita Romanovich and was the first to bear the
Romanov surname. During the reign of his first cousin
Feodor I (1584-1598), young Feodor Romanov distinguished himself both as a soldier and a diplomatist, fighting against the forces of
John III of Sweden in
1590, and conducting negotiations with the ambassadors of
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor from
1593 to
1594. He was made a
Boyar in
1583.
On the death of the childless tsar, he was the popular candidate for the vacant throne; but he acquiesced in the election of
Boris Godunov, and shared the disgrace of his too-powerful family three years later, when Boris compelled both him and his wife,
Xenia Shestova, to take monastic vows under the names of Philaret and Martha respectively.
Philaret was kept in the strictest confinement in the
Antoniev Monastery of the Russian North, where he was exposed to every conceivable indignity; but when the
pseudo-Demetrius overthrew the Godunovs, he released Philaret and made him
metropolitan of
Rostov (
1605).
In
1609 Philaret fell into the hands of
pseudo-Demetrius II, who named him
Patriarch of all Russia, though his jurisdiction only extended over the very limited area which acknowledged the
impostor. From
1610 to
1618 he was a prisoner in the hands of the Polish king,
Sigismund III Vasa, whom he refused to acknowledge as tsar of
Muscovy on being sent on an embassy to the Polish camp in 1610. He was released on the conclusion of the
truce of Deulino (
February 13,
1619), and on
2 June of the same year was canonically enthroned Patriarch of
Moscow and all of Russia.
Henceforth, till his death, the established government of Muscovy was a
diarchy. From 1619 to
1633 there were two actual sovereigns, Tsar Michael and his father, the
most holy Patriarch Philaret. Theoretically they were co-
regents, but Philaret frequently transacted affairs of state without consulting the tsar. He replenished the treasury by a more equable and rational system of assessing and collecting the
taxes. His most important domestic measure was the chaining of the
peasantry to the soil, a measure directed against the ever increasing migration of the down-trodden
serfs to the
steppes, where they became
freebooters instead of tax-payers. The taxation of the tsar's military tenants was a first step towards the
proportional taxation of the hitherto privileged classes.
Philaret's zeal for the purity of
orthodoxy sometimes led him into excesses but he encouraged the publication of theological works, formed the nucleus of the subsequently famous Patriarchal Library, and commanded that every
archbishop should establish a
seminary for the clergy, himself setting the example. Another great service rendered by Philaret to his country was the reorganization of the Muscovite army with the help of foreign officers. His death in October 1633 put an end to the
Russo-Polish War (1632-33), withdrawing the strongest prop from a tsar feeble enough even when supported by all the weight of his authority.
By his marriage he had:
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